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n (obsolete) Mental conception; reflection, consideration. (defdate|16th-18th c.)

n (science) A coherent statement or set of ideas that explains observed facts or phenomenon|phenomena, or which sets out the laws and principles of something known or observed; a hypothesis confirmed by observation, experiment etc. (defdate|from 17th c.)

n (uncountable) The underlying principles or methods of a given technical skill, art etc., as opposed to its practice. (defdate|from 17th c.)

n (mathematics) A field of study attempting to exhaustively describe a particular class of constructs. (defdate|from 18th c.)

n A hypothesis or conjecture. (defdate|from 18th c.)

n (countable) (logic) A set of axioms together with all statements derivable from them. Equivalently, a formal language plus a set of axioms (from which can then be derived theorems).